正如预期的那样，2011年日本福岛第一核电站事故导致全世界核电设备做出改进，使安全系统得到加强，也考虑更好地防御罕见的、极端自然事件。改善核安全的过程，同等重要的是强调实施核安全“人因”方面的质量改进。经合组织/核能机构（OECD/NEA）总干事威廉马格伍德（William Magwood）认为，核部门之外的人常常没有考虑这个关键要素。

确保核反应堆安全不仅是防御所有可信的威胁、增强重要安全系统稳健性、增加后备电源和冷却水系统冗余的实体防护问题，而且也是查清合格和经培训的员工得到有效程序支持的问题。然而，这些“资产”只有在鼓励确保高水平安全或者实施所谓有效“核安全文化”的组织文化中才是宝贵的。NEA认识到这些因素的重要性，创立了新部门支持成员国努力进一步改善核安全的人因方面。这个新部门将通过强化培训、安全文化和公众沟通领域内的活动，鼓励成员国内更加集中于这些领域，支持现有的NEA核安全技术与监管部。

NEA早就支持成员国在各个领域就核安全人因方面，努力从福岛事故汲取经验教训。例如，曾就增强组织的“弹性”方法进行分析，以便员工在苛刻事故条件下能更好地做出响应。这种方法的关键成分是确保事故期间弹性需要的灵活性不破坏正常运行需要的“刚性”（严格性）（即规定的程序）。实际上早已经确认，安全文化在考虑福岛未决的前兆条件中起着重要作用。因此，NEA核监管活动委员会（CNRA）已认定安全文化是监管部门以及运营商的基本特征，而且正就监管机构的安全文化编写指导性文件。

为核未来而创新

面对未来，安全仍然是核能至关重要的方面。世界各国考虑需要尽快降低与气候变化相关的温室气体的排放量，核反应堆有重要作用，大约排放的温室气体60％是电力部门产生的。在发达国家和新兴市场国家为推动经济增长寻求提供可靠的、长远的能源计划中，核电也会发挥显著的作用。核电厂显然是可靠的和低碳的能源，但必须经济和安全上高标准地建成和运行。

最近NEA和国际能源署一起发布了技术路线图：核能，一个通过地区分析提供现今核能综述和潜在增长区域的出版物。为支持核能野心勃勃地增长，确认了关键技术里程碑、创新以及阻碍核发展的屏障。路线图就如何实现这些里程碑和克服发展的屏障，给决策者提供了许多建议。这个出版物的基本特征是运用专家编制的案例研究支持各项建议。

此外，为应对IEA/NEA路线图中的技术挑战和确认的问题，NEA正在编制一个国际核研究和创新路线图，以建立一个研究议程，覆盖各个领域如先进核电技术、增强现有机组的安全和有效运转、退役机组退役和拆除创新和成本-效益方法，以及支持放射性废物长期储存和处置的技术。这个新路线图：核创新2050预计2016年后期发布，并将与全球努力应对气候变化相结合，支持国际和国家的创举，安全和经济地建设和运营核电机组未来35年及其以后。反过来，最终使核技术释放其潜力，为未来几十年提供大量可靠、零排放的能源。

附原文：

The human side of nuclear safety and the future of nuclear energy

WNN

14 July 2015

The 2011 accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan has, as might be expected, led to improvements in equipment at plants around the world that have fortified safety systems and allowed for better protection against rare, extreme natural events. Equally important to the process of improving nuclear safety is the emphasis placed on implementing quality improvements to the 'human' side of nuclear safety, a crucial element that is often not considered by those outside the nuclear sector, writes William Magwood.

Ensuring nuclear reactor safety is not only a question of physical protection against all credible threats, enhancing robustness of important safety systems and increasing redundancy of back-up power and water cooling systems, but also one of making certain that qualified and trained staff are supported by effective procedures. However, these assets are valued only in an organisational culture that places a premium on ensuring high levels of safety, or implementing what is called an effective 'nuclear safety culture'. In recognition of the importance of such factors, the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) has created a new division to support its member countries in their efforts to further improve the human side of nuclear safety. The new Division of the Human Aspects of Nuclear Safety complements the existing NEA Division of Nuclear Safety Technology and Regulation by consolidating activities in the areas of training, safety culture and public communications, and by encouraging greater focus on such areas within member countries.

Safety culture has been identified as having played an important role in allowing precursor conditions at Fukushima to go unaddressed.

The NEA is already supporting member countries in a variety of areas that address lessons learnt from the Fukushima accident on the human side of nuclear safety. For example, analyses have been conducted on approaches to enhancing organisational resilience so that staff are better able to respond under the harsh conditions of an accident. A key component in these approaches is ensuring that the flexibility required for resilience during an accident does not undermine the rigidity required for normal operation (e.g. prescribed procedures). The safety culture has in fact been identified as having played an important role in allowing precursor conditions at Fukushima to go unaddressed. Accordingly, the NEA Committee on Nuclear Regulatory Activities (CNRA) has identified the safety culture as an essential characteristic for regulators, as well as operators, and is developing a guidance document on the safety culture of the regulatory body.

Innovation for the future of nuclear

Safety will remain a vital aspect of nuclear energy as we look forward. Nuclear reactors have an important role to play as nations around the world consider the necessary steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with climate change - about 60% of which are generated by the power sector. Nuclear power is also poised to play a prominent role in the plans of both developed and emerging economies looking to provide the reliable, long-term sources of energy needed to drive economic growth. Nuclear power plants are clearly a reliable and low-carbon source of energy, but they must be built and operated economically and to high safety standards.

Together with the International Energy Agency (IEA), the NEA recently released the Technology Roadmap: Nuclear Energy, a publication that provides an overview of nuclear energy today and areas of potential growth through regional analysis. To support ambitious growth in nuclear energy, key technological milestones and innovations are identified along with barriers to nuclear development. The roadmap provides recommendations to policymakers on how to achieve these milestones and address barriers. An essential feature of this publication is the use of case studies developed with experts to support recommendations.

Further to this, and to address the technological challenges and issues identified in the IEA/NEA Roadmap, the NEA is developing an international nuclear research and innovation roadmap that will establish a research agenda covering areas such as advanced nuclear power technologies, enhancements to the safe and efficient operation of existing plants, innovative and cost-effect methods of decommissioning and dismantling retired plants, and technologies to support the long-term storage and disposal of radioactive waste. This new roadmap, Nuclear Innovation 2050, is projected for release in late 2016 and will align with global efforts to address climate change and support international and national initiatives to safely and economically build and operate nuclear plants over the next 35 years and beyond. In turn, this ultimately allows nuclear technology to fulfil its potential to provide large quantities of reliable, emissions-free energy for decades to come.William Magwood

William Magwood is Director General of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. He served as a Commissioner with the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission for more than four years and before that was Director of Nuclear Energy at the US Department of Energy.